| Lesson 21 |
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SUMMARY: THE LOGICAL SEQUENCE OF MODIFYING ELEMENTS Examples of such variability should make us cautious about the generalisations which we make concerning the sequence of modifiers in the nominal group. However, provided that we bear these possible variations in mind and remember that such generalisations reflect a statistical tendency rather than rigidly defined rules, then we can summarise the observations made so far. It is most convenient to follow the procedure that we have adopted hitherto and proceed starting from the headword, and by moving further towards the left we can identify the various slots which come between the deictic and headword. In practice, nominal groups consisting of more than four premodifying elements tend to become clumsy and are therefore avoided, especially in informal speech. Longer strings do occur, however, mainly in written texts, particularly those of a technical nature and in advertising. The examples which follow are given for the purpose of illustration, and it will be noted that as the nominal groups are expanded they become increasingly awkward and unwieldy, and hence unlikely to occur in natural language. The examples are merely intended to show what is possible in principle, and the general tendencies according to which the order of any string of adjectives may be determined. A number of examples taken from authentic text may be seen in the practical follow-up to this section. (1) Situated to the immediate left of the headword are those non-gradable denominal classifiers and noun modifiers which identify the most intrinsic or permanent sub-class to which the headword belongs - what characterises it in terms of its intrinsic nature, type, relationship, purpose, function, involvement and so on. Words like "romantic", "social", "moral", "legal" etc, or any suitable noun can serve this function.
(2) To the left of the denominal classifier comes the noun modifier or derived adjective which identifies the next subclass to which the headword belongs. Any appropriate noun can serve this function.
(3) The slot to the left of the second nominal slot is occupied by words which denote the provenance of the headword. These may be derived adjectives or nouns.
(4) To the left of the provenance words come the non-gradable participles. These indicate a process with which the headword is connected, and may themselves be submodified, often forming compounds.
(5) To the left of the non-gradable participles comes the slot which is occupied by colours.
(6) Usually placed to the left of colours are those qualitative epithets which refer to age.
(7) To the left of age epithets come those other qualitative epithets which refer to size, weight, shape or indicate related qualities which characterise the headword. Words such as "huge", "hectic", "mysterious", "intricate" may appear in this slot.
(8) To the left of the qualitative epithets come the attitudinal epithets, which include the gradable participles.
(9) The next slot to the left is reserved for those general adjectives which have a
"quasi-deictic" function of reference to something which is beyond the immediate situational or textual
context. Words such as "same",
"famous", "different" or
"usual" may appear here.
(10) Further to the left then come the deictic, pre- and post-deictic forms.
We can now conclude with a final example which shows the relationship of all these elements in terms of their logical structure within the nominal group.
The headword is "tips", and the logical structure is thus:-
The premodifier consists of the chain:- This logical structure can then be analysed in terms of its functional elements:- |
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pd = pre-deictic d = deictic o = quantifier e1 = general epithet e2 = size epithet c1 = participle classifier c2 = provenance classifier n1 = noun modifier (substance) n2 = noun modifier (function) The postmodifier may be analysed functionally as follows:-
(1) Following the model for functional constituent analysis given just above, analyse the following examples of nominal and adjectival groups into their various structural and functional elements. Show any rankshifted elements as embedded structures. All the examples listed here were taken from published newspaper advertisements.
(1) our finest luxury wood kitchen (2) Another rich source of nominal group material may be found in the lyrics of many popular songs. These are subject in their creation to various influences other than the simple need to communicate, such as rhythmic and other devices which may be peculiar to song. But as with advertising, they are designed to strike the listener so as to catch his attention or to appeal in some way. For this reason they are interesting. I have chosen a few of my own favourites which strike me as interesting, and even in some respects bizarre. You will no doubt be able to think of others to add to the list. Consider then these examples which I have selected from various popular songs, and identify the various nominal group structures which they feature. Note any particular features, for example strings of participles or any other distinctive patterns which they may exhibit. To what extent do these features conform or appear exceptional to the general observations which we have made concerning the relative sequencing of structural elements of nominal groups? (1) That old black magic |
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Logical Sequence of modifiers
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Verbal groups
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