Functional Grammar   Lesson 21

SUMMARY: THE LOGICAL SEQUENCE OF MODIFYING ELEMENTS

Examples of such variability should make us cautious about the generalisations which we make concerning the sequence of modifiers in the nominal group. However, provided that we bear these possible variations in mind and remember that such generalisations reflect a statistical tendency rather than rigidly defined rules, then we can summarise the observations made so far. 

It is most convenient to follow the procedure that we have adopted hitherto and proceed starting from the headword, and by moving further towards the left we can identify the various slots which come between the deictic and headword. In practice, nominal groups consisting of more than four premodifying elements tend to become clumsy and are therefore avoided, especially in informal speech. Longer strings do occur, however, mainly in written texts, particularly those of a technical nature and in advertising.

 The examples which follow are given for the purpose of illustration, and it will be noted that as the nominal groups are expanded they become increasingly awkward and unwieldy, and hence unlikely to occur in natural language. The examples are merely intended to show what is possible in principle, and the general tendencies according to which the order of any string of adjectives may be determined. A number of examples taken from authentic text may be seen in the practical follow-up to this section.

(1) Situated to the immediate left of the headword are those non-gradable denominal classifiers and noun modifiers which identify the most intrinsic or permanent sub-class to which the headword belongs - what characterises it in terms of its intrinsic nature, type, relationship, purpose, function, involvement and so on. Words like "romantic", "social", "moral", "legal" etc, or any suitable noun can serve this function.

e.g. social life
  legal requirement
  adventure story
  tool box
  holy relic

(2) To the left of the denominal classifier comes the noun modifier or derived adjective which identifies the next subclass to which the headword belongs. Any appropriate noun can serve this function.

e.g. university social life
  government legal requirement
  war adventure story
  metal tool box
  church holy relic

(3) The slot to the left of the second nominal slot is occupied by words which denote the provenance of the headword. These may be derived adjectives or nouns.

e.g. American university social life
  British government legal requirement
  desert war adventure story
  Japanese metal tool box
  Turin church holy relic

(4) To the left of the provenance words come the non-gradable participles. These indicate a process with which the headword is connected, and may themselves be submodified, often forming compounds.

e.g. stipulated British government legal requirement
  well-written desert war adventure story
  self-locking Japanese metal tool box
  decaying Turin church holy relic

(5) To the left of the non-gradable participles comes the slot which is occupied by colours.
e.g. black self-locking Japanese metal tool box
  dusty-brown decaying Turin church holy relic

(6) Usually placed to the left of colours are those qualitative epithets which refer to age.
e.g. old black self-locking Japanese metal tool box
  old dusty-brown decaying Turin church holy relic
  new well-written desert war adventure story

(7) To the left of age epithets come those other qualitative epithets which refer to size, weight, shape or indicate related qualities which characterise the headword. Words such as "huge", "hectic", "mysterious", "intricate" may appear in this slot.
e.g. little old black self-locking Japanese metal tool box
  curious old dusty-brown decaying Turin church holy relic
  hectic American university social life

(8) To the left of the qualitative epithets come the attitudinal epithets, which include the gradable participles.
e.g. delightful little old black self-locking Japanese metal tool box
  exciting hectic American university social life
  entertaining new well-written desert war adventure story

(9) The next slot to the left is reserved for those general adjectives which have a "quasi-deictic" function of reference to something which is beyond the immediate situational or textual context. Words such as "same", "famous", "different" or "usual" may appear here.
e.g. same delightful little old black self-locking Japanese metal tool box
  usual exciting hectic American university social life
  particular stipulated British government legal requirement

(10) Further to the left then come the deictic, pre- and post-deictic forms.
e.g. that first same delightful little old black self-locking Japanese metal tool box
  the usual exciting hectic American university social life
  the one particular stipulated British government legal requirement

We can now conclude with a final example which shows the relationship of all these elements in terms of their logical structure within the nominal group.

e.g. one of those two unusual little carved Neolithic flint arrow tips from Normandy

The headword is "tips", and the logical structure is thus:- 

PREMODIFIER  HEAD  POSTMODIFIER 

The premodifier consists of the chain:- 

one of those two unusual little carved neolithic flint arrow

The postmodifer consists of the prepositional group:- 
from Normandy

 This logical structure can then be analysed in terms of its functional elements:-

 
pd = pre-deictic 
d = deictic 
o = quantifier 
e1 = general epithet 
e2 = size epithet 
c1 = participle classifier 
c2 = provenance classifier 
n1 = noun modifier (substance) 
n2 = noun modifier (function)
 

The postmodifier may be analysed functionally as follows:-

EXERCISES  

(1) Following the model for functional constituent analysis given just above, analyse the following examples of nominal and adjectival groups into their various structural and functional elements. Show any rankshifted elements as embedded structures. All the examples listed here were taken from published newspaper advertisements.  

(1) our finest luxury wood kitchen 
(2) a range that is one of the most extensive in Europe 
(3) a dense mat of fast-growing floral colour
(4) a completely new high-quality selection
(5) a beautiful bright blue-flowered variety of Bugle
(6) perfect little golden-eyes daisy flowers with violet/pink petals
(7) the only complete Home Micro Computer Training Course
(8) a new sparkling natural mineral water from Sweden
(9) handy speed-dialling with a useful 20- number memory store for each station
(10) an exceptional flat with well-proportioned, bright reception
rooms overlooking gardens in a beautifully restored double fronted period building
(11) beautifully renovated fully modernised spacious third floor flat overlooking Queensway
(12) brand new modernised fifth floor in handsome block on Abbey Road
(13) superb newly mod semi det family hse overlooking river
(14) double-breasted navy stripe suit in super 80's luxury worsted, from the exclusive Selfridge Collection
(15) some truly tempting travel-inclusive packages
(16) Collect 12 of these distinctive floral design cloisonne tea-cups at one per month

(2) Another rich source of nominal group material may be found in the lyrics of many popular songs. These are subject in their creation to various influences other than the simple need to communicate, such as rhythmic and other devices which may be peculiar to song. But as with advertising, they are designed to strike the listener so as to catch his attention or to appeal in some way. For this reason they are interesting. I have chosen a few of my own favourites which strike me as interesting, and even in some respects bizarre. You will no doubt be able to think of others to add to the list.  

Consider then these examples which I have selected from various popular songs, and identify the various nominal group structures which they feature. Note any particular features, for example strings of participles or any other distinctive patterns which they may exhibit. To what extent do these features conform or appear exceptional to the general observations which we have made concerning the relative sequencing of structural elements of nominal groups?

(1) That old black magic
(2) Don't step on my blue suede shoes
(3) Did you happen to see the most beautiful girl in the world
(4) My poor little glad rag doll
(5) Got a black magic woman
(6) Got myself a crying walking sleeping talking living doll
(7) I'm leaning on the lamp post at the corner of the street in case a certain little lady comes by
(8) You are the promised kiss of springtime
(9) It's only a shanty in old shanty town
(10) I'll be your long haired lover from Liverpool
(11) She wore an itsy-bitsy teeny-weeny yellow polka-dot bikini
(12) It was a one-horned four-eyed talking purple people eater
(13) It's lying cheating woman-chasing honkytonking whisky-swilling you
(14) She's a good-hearted woman in love with a good-timin' man
(15) Just an old fashioned lady with old fashioned ways, that old fashioned mother of mine
(17) Oh, you beautiful doll, you great big beautiful doll
(18) Between the parted pages and were pressed in love's hot fevered iron like a striped pair of pants

Logical Sequence of modifiers Verbal groups