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1. In paragraph 3 the writer uses the phrase 'to the best of my knowledge.....' because:
(a) she has good knowledge of this area
(b) she is not sure if the area has been researched in Hong Kong
(c) she thinks the area has been researched in Hong Kong
(d) she does not wish to take responsibility for any omissions in the bibliography

a b c d

2. An abstract is:
(a) a summary of the author's opinions
(b) a summary of the article
(c) a summary of the research in the field
(d) an analysis of the author's opinions

a b c d

3. In paragraph 2 'learner variables' and 'strategies' are defined by reference to other writers:
(a) because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognised as important concepts
(b) because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognised as important definitions
(c) because the present author is not sure what these terms mean
(d) because the present author wishes to redefine the scope of research in this area

a b c d

4. In paragraph 3 , '(O' Malley et al., 1985, Oxford, 1989)' refers to:
(a) a book by a collection of authors which has been reprinted once
(b) a collection of articles by O' Malley in a book by Oxford
(c) a book by a collection of authors and a book by one author
(d) a book by a collection of authors and a book published by Oxford

a b c d

5. The main point of paragraph 5 is:
(a) to describe the existing research in the field
(b) to point out the limits of research in this area
(c) to describe learning strategies identified so far
(d) to summarise the scope of the present article

a b c d

6. The reference to 'Naiman and his colleagues (1978)' in paragraph 4 is made:
(a) to point out the advantages of an analytical approach
(b) to point out that language learning strategies can be identified
(c) to point out that different learners learn differently
(d) to point out the uniqueness of language learning situations

a b c d

7. The main point of paragraph 2 is:
(a) to define technical terms
(b) to define terms and the scope of the study
(c) to outline the main sections of the report
(d) to summarise the area to be covered in the article

a b c d

8. According to this passage, research in this area is characterised as:
(a) empirically observable
(b) often impossible to observe directly
(c) poorly defined in the research literature to date
(d) easier to theorise about than to carry out directly

a b c d

9. In paragraph 1 'implications' could be replaced by which of the following?
(a) suggestions
(b) causes
(c) hints
(d) solutions

a b c d

10. In paragraph 4 'arbitrary' could be replaced by which of the following?
(a) systematic
(b) empirical
(c) random
(d) difficult

a b c d

11. In paragraph 2 the writer uses the phrase 'it is important to note here...':
(a) because she wishes to emphasise that this is her opinion
(b) because she wishes to emphasise that she is concerned with why there are variations in speed of learning learning
(c) because she is presenting an empirical viewpoint
(d) because she is presenting the results of objective data collection

a b c d

12. According to the final paragraph which of the sections in the paper is partly analytical?
(a) section 1
(b) section 2
(c) section 3
(d) section 4

a b c d

13. In paragraph 6 the writer uses the phrase 'it is hoped that the findings will have some relevance...':
(a) because she is confident the findings are relevant to her
(b) because she wants the findings to be helpful to her
(c) because of the broad scope of the study which is widely applicable
(d) because she wishes to phrase her hopes in as subjective a style as possible

a b c d

14.In paragraph 5 'bearing these constraints in mind' is closest in meaning to:
(a) rejecting these limitations
(b) in the context of these limitations
(c) taking these limitations into consideration
(d) with these possibilities in mind

a b c d

15. The main point of paragraph 3:
(a) is to define technical terms
(b) is to define the scope of the study
(c) is to explain why the writer is interested in the area
(d) is to summarise the area to be covered in the article

a b c d

16. The word 'although' in paragraph 6 is similar in meaning to which of the following:
(a) however
(b) moreover
(c) despite the fact that
(d) nevertheless

a b c d