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academic writer: paragraphs: backward referring this

Backward referring 'this'

'This' can be used to refer back to assertions or evidence from a previous sentence. 'This' can also be used to refer back to the whole of a previous paragraph.
Common Problem: Many second language writers confuse 'It' with 'This' at the beginnings of sentences. If 'It' is at the beginning of a sentence it is often used as the 'impersonal it' - not as a backward referent.

In the following examples, the text which 'this' refers backwards to, is highlighted in red.

The state has played a rather large role in shaping the direction of economic development. This is far from a universal characteristic of Asian development, however.

Mountains seem to have held the first kind of life in the Mediterranean. Why was this? Perhaps because of the stagnant water and malaria of the coastal plains.

It should be recognised that nothing will motivate people to undertake narrowly vocational training if there is little prospect of obtaining a job at the end of it. This is another reason for broadening the concept of Lifelong Learning.

This can also be used as part of a backward referring phrase:

As a result Japan has been able to get involved in complicated manufacturing processes. The reason that Japan has achieved this goal is that in Japan the radius of trust extends well beyond the family lineage.

In each traditional industry state regulations covered virtually every aspect of the production process. The consequence of this high degree of centralization was naturally a high degree of dependence on the protection and subsidy of the state.

The Deutsche Bank's successful attempt to prevent an Arab buyout of Daimler-Benz is only one example of how Germany has defended its national economic interests. This kind of move has been far less significant in other societies.

As in China, the primary social structure standing between the family and the state is kinship based; the lineage. Korean lineages are more homogeneous than those in southern China, failing to divide along class or status lines. Given this kind of family and social structure one would expect modern Korea's business to resemble that of capitalist Chinese societies like Taiwan and Hong Kong.

Models project an increase in global mean surface air temperature relative to 1990 of about 2176;C by 2100. This estimate is approximately one third lower than the best estimate in 1990. This is due primarily to lower emission scenarios (particularly for CO2 and the CFCs).

Although this is a singular pronoun, you can use it to refer back to a number of things or facts:

The present public spending plans for higher education assume a reduction in real terms of expenditure per student of 6.5 per cent over the two years 1998-99 and 1999-2000. This is in addition to the more than 40 per cent reduction achieved since 1976.

Click here for useful phrases with 'this'

Find out about other ways of writing paragraphs

Academic Writer 2000