MIND YOUR GRAMMAR  
Lesson 2: Fixed Expressions
  Many commonly used phrases or idioms feature prepositions.  
Table:   back to Lesson 2 index
  Relating to places or institutions  
  Relating to means of transport ( travel, send goods)  
  Relating to means of dispatch (send a message)  
  Miscellaneous  
   
 

Relating to places or institutions

Pattern Underlying Meaning
go to bed to sleep
be in bed / stay in bed sleeping, resting
get out of bed get up
go to school / come to school to study
go to lunch / dinner to have lunch / dinner
be at lunch having lunch
be in class giving or having a lesson
go to church for worship
be at church worshipping in the church
be at home in one's own house
go in(to) hospital for medical treatment
be in hospital receiving medical treatment (a patient)
be in office holding an official position
be out of office ceasing to hold that position
go to prison as a punishment
be in prison as a prisoner
go to university to study
be at university be a student
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Relating to means of transport ( travel, send goods)

Pattern Example
by air

Most mail goes by air from England to Hong Kong.

by bus

We can go by bus to Wan Chai.

by car

The best way to go to Clearwater Bay is by car.

by ship / boat

Most people travel by boat to Discovery Bay.

by land

But you can now get to Lantau Island from Kowloon by land since they built the Tei Ma bridge. 

by plane

I don't like to travel by plane in China as you miss seeing so much of the country.

by sea

In the last century the only way to reach America from Europe was by sea.

on foot

We can either get a taxi or go on foot as it's not far.

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Relating to means of dispatch (sending a message)

Pattern Example
by hand The exam paper has to be delivered by hand.
by letter You have to send a confirmation by letter - a fax won't do.
by post I'll send the cheque to you by post.
by radio Taxis usually communicate by radio, although many drives use mobile phones now.
by cable Some TV channels are are only available by cable.
by telegram You can send an urgent message by telegram.
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Miscellaneous

Phrases that begin with "at"

at sea

When the ferry is at sea you cannot go out on deck. 
She felt at sea on the first day of school. (= confused, perplexed)

at hand

The end of the world is at hand. (= near, close in time)

at least

We need at least $20,000 dollars for the furniture.

at work

Phone me at work later.

at war

When Britain and Germany were at war, Sweden remained neutral. 

at last

After several attempts we at last got the operating system installed correctly.

at peace

Most of the countries of Western Europe have been at peace since 1945.

at sight

The horses  went crazy ar sight or smell of a bear. 

at ease

I don't feel at ease with this kind of music.

at heart

He likes living in the city, but at heart he's still a country boy.

at length

He described his accident at length to everyone.

at once

Don't leave it, do it at once.

at first

I didn't like it here at first, but now I've grown to appreciate it.

at play

There must be an adult on duty when the children are at play.

at rest

His explanation did not put our minds at rest, and we weren't satisfied.

at present

I'm living in Discovery Bay at present, but not for much longer.

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Phrases that begin with "by"

 

Phrase Example
by accident

It wasn't clear if the fire started by accident or on purpose.

by chance

We met by chance several years later in Hong Kong. 

by day

Badgers don't come out by day, they're nocturnal.

by design

It wasn't done by design, it was unintentional.

by degrees

You can only learn this by degrees, step by step, you can't rush it.

by heart

An actor needs to learn his lines by heart - you can't read them during a performance.

by mistake

I'm sorry, I put the memo in your pigeon hole by mistake - it's for Mary.

by name

The headmaster called out the wrondoers by name at the morning assembly.

by rights

By rights this should be John's job, but I'll do it for now.

by sight

I know Mr Brown by sight, but we've never been introduced.

by surprise

The police caught the burglar by surprise while he was trying to break in.

by + reflexive pronoun

This is often used to mean doing something alone, often meaning "without any help".

 

eg You can't move all these books by yourself - let me help you.
  She often goes out for a walk by herself.

by + the time + verb

This phrase is often used as a time conjunction, similar to "when", and it is used with a verb to mean "not later than when something happens". It is often used with the past perfect tense.

 

eg We were delayed by traffic and by the time we arrived the concert had started.
  I'll probably be in bed by the time you get home.
  By the time the police had realised what was happening, the robbers had escaped.
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Phrases that begin with "in"

in brief

In brief, the prosecution's case is based on the fact that he lied.

in case

Take an umbrella in case it rains.

in common

He's my brother, but we don't have many interests in common

in danger

We are in danger of losing the contract.

in debt

Most of the farmers are in debt to the banks. 

in difficulties

Helicopters were scrambled after reports from a North Sea oil rig that it was in difficulties.

in due course

They will have an answer for you in due course, but you have to be patient. 

in fact

I thought he was about 50, but in fact he's only 45.

in half

If you divide the room in half, you would still be able to get all the desks in.

in general

The British are eating less food in general and less junk food in particular.

in love

She is secretly in love with another man.

in name

Gone are the days when this tournament was international in name only.

in need

The government thinks this is an opportunity to reassess how those most in need can be helped.

in order

They need a higher grade in order to be accepted on the course.

in particular

The British are eating less food in general and less junk food in particular.

in pieces

He knocked over the vase and it broke in pices on the floor.

in private

I have something to tell you in private.

in public

Kissing in public is not usually done, although holding hands is common.

in reply

In reply to your question, the answer is yes.

in secret

They believe the government is carrying out research in secret

in sight

When the island of Tioman came in sight the view was fantastic.

in stock

We don't have this model in stock, but we can order it for you.

in turn

Let us consider each of those points in turn.

in time

You won't understand it now, but in time you will.

in tears

The exhibition attracted a lot of people off the streets, many in tears and unable to speak.

in short

Good accommodation was in short supply.

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Phrases that begin with "on"

on business He has gone to China on business.
on duty (off duty) My brother is a policeman, and he usually has to be on duty at weekends.
on fire Many people escaped to the roof because the middle floors were on fire.
on foot We'll go on foot as it's not far.
on guard There are always some police on guard outside the American embassy.
on holiday They are on holiday in Chiang Mai just now, but they'll be back next week
on horseback You can tour the Grand Canyon on horseback if you can ride.
on purpose It was no accident, he fouled the other player on purpose.
on time The trains usually run on time, although they might be late if there is a lot of snow.
on sale You can still find pirated software on sale if you know where to go.
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on + possessive + own

This is used to mean doing something alone, often meaning "without any help" and is similar to "by oneself".

 

eg You can't move all these books on your own - let me help you.
  She often goes out for a walk on her own.

 

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of + possessive + own

This is used to mean owning or having something yourself, in contrast to having something which belongs to someone else.

 

eg She really wants a house of her own - she's tired of living in a rented apartment.
  It's time he found a girlfriend of his own.
  He doesn't seem to have any ideas of his own - just what he's got from other people.
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Phrases that begin with "out of"

out of control Some of the pupils in that school are just out of control
out of danger

The typhoon has changed direction so it looks as if Hong Kong is out of danger.

out of date

You need to check the milk to see that it's not out of date.

out of doors

In summer the children can play out of doors and have more things to do.

out of hearing

I could see they were talking about me but they were out of hearing so I don't know what they were saying.

out of order

I'm afraid the lift is out of order so you'll have to use the steps.

out of sight

They stood watching the plane until it was out of sight.

out of place

I feel out of place there, everyone seems to be dressed so formally.

out of reach

The price of a house in Central London is far out of reach of most ordinary workers.

out of stock

We are out of stock of this model just now.

out of turn

Government ministers who speak out of turn are likely to be reprimanded. 

out of work

More than 7% of the work force is out of work now.

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Phrases that begin with "within"

within hearing Don't say anything about it while he's within hearing
within reach

The championship is now within reach for Liverpool if they can beat Manchester United.

within sight

I live within sight of the Kowloon coast and Hong Kong island.

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